HSR'S ANNUAL GUIDE TO HERBS
This is the third edition of HSR's Annual Guide to Herbs. Intended to help you, the retailer, in your effort to educate and inform your customers, each article is dedicated to presenting the most up-to-date, scientific information related to a specific herb. Each article in this section is appropriate for photocopying. As a retailer, you have our express permission to photocopy the articles in this section for distribution to your customers.
This edition of HSR's Annual Guide to Herbs includes the following articles:
- Kava
- Echinacea
- Garlic
- Hawthorn
- Dong Quai
- Black Cohosh
Kava Kava
Kava kava (Piper methysticum) is quickly reaching super star status alongside herbs such previous successful herbs such as St. John's wort and Ginkgo bilboa. Believed to originate in South Pacific islands such as New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, this member of the pepper family Piperaceae thrives in humid, tropical climates that exist from 500 to 1,000 feet in elevation. Although kava is harvested when it is about 6.6 feet to 8.3 feet tall, the above ground portion of the plant is known to reach about 20 feet, and the rhizomes reach about 9 feet in length. The plant itself is a thick, full-branching shrub that shows green, pointed, heart-shaped leaves. Predominately, the root of the plant has been used for its calming and muscle soothing effects, but the top part of the plant has been known to produce similar results, although reportedly not as euphoric.
As Kava was spread from island to island by migrating natives, the cultural, economical, political and religious value of the herb became great. The natives used kava in these capacities as a way to enhance their way of life. Kava was employed in religious ceremonies such as weddings or in rituals to reach a higher level of consciousness. Kava also played a central role in social gatherings as a relaxing, euphoric herb bringing the people in the tribe together, instilling a sense of community. In these traditions, the root was cut into small pieces and chewed, then it was spit into a community bowl that was passed around the group.
Its introduction to the western world came when Captain James Cook encountered kava through the island natives on his voyage through the Pacific from 1768 through 1771. However, Europeans did not take very kindly to the predominant form of usage. Instead, they used another traditional way of preparation which involved crushing the dried root into powder form and mixing it with water and coconut milk. They found this drink to relax the body and produce a feeling of euphoria throughout. In light of this discovery, J.G.A. Forster, a botanist on Cook's ship, gave kava its binomial name Piper methysticum meaning "intoxicating pepper." 1
Today, kava kava is available in numerous forms, including tinctures, tablets, softgels and sprays. Dosages are usually administered in amounts of 180 mg to 210 mg of kavalactones. Kavalactones are the main active constituent in kava, containing "lactones" which are organic compounds containing oxygen. There are six kavalactones including kavain, methysticin, dihydrokavain (DHK) and dihydromethysticin (DHM). In a study published in Neuropharmacology researching the chemical action of kavain, there was proof of fast and specific inhibition of voltage-dependent Na+ channels in the brain. This showed kava kava to possess anticonvulsive, analgesic and centrally muscle-relaxing effects.2 In another study focusing on kavain's effects, researchers concluded that it may act in a non-specific musculotropic way to sooth muscle membranes. This data came from studying the herbs effects on contraction activity on isolated guinea-pig muscle tissues.3
Although kavalactones are the main active constituent, researchers are not entirely positive that these substances are solely responsible for the benefits attributed to them. Research has revealed that kavalactones act synergistically and are most beneficial when ingested together.
Kavalactones have appeared to produce many effects in the minds and bodies of those who take kava. Traditionally, South Pacific islanders used the herb on a more social level, focusing on its euphoric effect to the body. Their experiences were characterized by elevated mood, lively speech and increased sense of sound. However, kava kava has also been known to treat gonorrhea, vaginitis, leucorrhoea, nocturnal incontinence and other ailments of the genitourinary tract for more than a century. More recently, the United States and Europe have extensively studied the herb's effects as a treatment for alleviating anxiety and stress. Because of this research and positive clinical trials, many European countries have approved kava for the treatment of anxiety, menopausal symptoms, insomnia and restlessness.4 The research suggests that kava has this effect because of its action in enhancing GBA-receptor binding in the brain. Pharmacopsychiatry published a clinical trial that utilized 101 patients suffering from anxiety of non-psychotic origin. The patients were used in a 25-week, randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial which used kava extract. Using the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), they were surveyed for anxiety levels prior to testing and throughout the study. Research showed that there was a significant superiority of change in the kava group over the placebo group beginning in week eight. The outcome of this study revealed that kava extract is a safer and effective alternative to tricyclic antidepressants and benzodiazepines in anxiety disorders.5
Similar-acting pharmaceutical drugs such as Valium and Xanax have significant side effects on the brain and its activity in daily tasks as well as cause addiction. Meanwhile, the kavalactones that have been studied have proven to alter activity within the brain without having sedating effects like synthetic drugs. A report published in the British Journal of Phytotherapy concluded that kava can safely be used to relax the brain, noting its use for nervous tension and muscle spasms such as headaches. There has also been a recent study showing that people taking the recommended doses of this herb tested superior in word-recognition tests to those who were using synthetic pharmaceuticals.6 This is extremely positive news for those who need long term treatment, where drugs like Valium and Xanax are sometimes unsuitable and dangerous.
The majority of studies report no dangerous side effects and very few, if any, adverse effects to kava. Studies conducted in Australia with Aborigines indicated that the herb can lead to dry skin and lesions, but later research has discredited these findings. Nevertheless, an overdose of Kava can produce loss of muscle control and enhance the desire to sleep.
| References: 1 Lebot, V, Merlin M, Lindstrom
L. Kava: The Pacific Drug. New Haven:Yale University Press, 1992. p.17. |
Echinacea
Commonly called the purple coneflower, echinacea is also a favorite as a garden plant and is native to North America--growing in Eastern and Central United States and Southern Canada. A species of the plant was the most widely used medicinal plant by Native Americans in the plains regions, and a diversity of tribes used the herb for such ailments as colds, sore throat and snakebite.1 In 1887, echinacea was introduced to Americans by Cincinatti-based pharmacists Dr. John King and John Uri Floyd, and by the early part of the 20th century, it had become the best-selling tincture in the United States. After more than 50 years of being forgotten as a medicinal plant, echinacea is again at the forefront of herbal extracts.
There are nine different species of echinacea, though only three are used as medicinal herbs: Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida and Echinacea purpurea. The names are derived from the botanical descriptions of each plant: angustfolia refers to narrow leaves; pallida signifies pale-colored blossoms; and purpurea refers to purple ray flowers.2 Although Echinacea angustifolia is often considered to possess the most chemical activity, all three species contain many of the same constituent and offer similar medicinal benefits. Echinacea purpurea is the easiest to grow commercially and is becoming the most utilized choice in the United States and Europe.3 Most echinacea is grown commercially to protect it from harmful chemicals and pesticides and because wild echinacea is quickly disappearing due to poachers and crop difficulties.
Echinacea is harvested for its roots, flowerheads, seeds or juice of the whole plant. The part most traditionally used is the root. Fresh root and freshly sprouted seeds can cause a tingling, anesthetic effect, which is a good indicator of how fresh the preparation is. Other commonly used parts of echinacea are the stabilized juice of Echinacea purpurea tops, fresh or dried whole plant or aerial preparations of any of the three species and fresh or dried preparations from the roots of any of the three species or a mixture of any of the three. Echinacea extracts are available in many forms including pressed juice, tablets, fluid extracts, capsules, tinctures, freeze-dried plants, dried roots and spray-dried powders. Some experts and researchers suggest that the fresh-pressed juice of Echinacea purpurea has the widest array of active compounds.
Constituents in echinacea believed to play a pharmacological role are caffeic acid derivatives, polysaccharides, polyacetylenes, alkylamides, flavonoids and essential oils. Although some companies standardize their echinacea extracts to the caffeic acid derivative echinacoside, there is no evidence that echinacoside provides any significant antibacterial or immunolgical activity.4 However, cichoric acid, among other constituents, has been shown to act as an immunostimulant by causing stimulation of phagocytosis, which is the consumption of invading organisms by white blood cells and lymphocytes. Polyacetylenes were shown to have a weak antibacterial effect, while caffeic acid derivatives, alkylamides and polysaccharides appear to have antiphlogistic activity (wound-healing ability).
This root has proven helpful in treating many different ailments including infections, snake bites, ear infections and fevers. Within the industry, echinacea is widely regarded as a blood purifier as well as a useful aid in skin disorders like acne, boils and abscesses. European research suggests that echinacea stimulates the immune system, and T-cell lymphocytes, which increases the production of interferon and this protects the cells against viral and bacterial infection. Some strains of echinacea are very effective in healing inflammation, wounds and swelling.5
The most well known and popular use for echinacea is for fighting the flu and the common cold. Clinical studies have shown that because of echinacea's immune boosting capabilities, it decreases the incidence of colds and flu in addition to decreasing the symptoms.6 This is done through the activation of macrophages, which are key immune system elements that are directly involved in the destruction of bacteria, viruses, other infectious agents and cancer cells. Macrophages work by producing free oxygen radicals as well as producing a key protein called interleukin-1.
Echinacea is not considered toxic, has no known side effects and does not appear to have any external use interactions. However, it is not recommended for long-term, continuous use, as it stimulates the immune system (too much stimulation can weaken the immune system). Previous information led many to believe that echinacea loses its potency after three to five days, but new research has discovered that is can be taken for as long as two weeks at a time. Hence, the more common recommendation is to take echinacea for two weeks, then let the body rest for a week, the start again if necessary.7
People suffering from leukosis, collagenosis, multiple sclerosis, tuberculosis, diabetes mellitus, AIDS, HIV (though this information may change as current studies are being conducted) and other auto-immune system diseases in which the immune system itself causes disease distribution in the body should not take echinacea. Pregnant women should consult a physician before taking echinacea.
Research has been conducted on the medicinal effects of echinacea for many years:
- A study published in Immunopharmacology [Echinacea purpurea] concluded that an extract enhanced cellular immune function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in all subjects.8
- According to a study published in the Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, echinacea extract has no detectable effect on tumor patients lymphocyte activity as measured by their cytokine production.9
| References 1 Kindscher, K. Medicinal
Wild Plants of the Prarie. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992. |
Hawthorn
Hawthorn berries have been used since the Middle Ages to support the heart and normalize cardiovascular functions. Today, hawthorn berries are one of the most valuable medicinal herbs used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and circulatory disorders. Specifically, hawthorn has been shown to increase blood flow to the heart and brain and helps regulate blood pressure.
Hawthorn is a European shrub, characterized with thorny branches, blue-green leaves and crimson berries. The berries from the hawthorn are the most commonly used, but young stems, leaves and flowers also play a role. This herb contains three groups of compounds, the triterpenoid saponins, the amines and the flavonoids, the mainstay of hawthorn's antioxidant actions.
In addition, hawthorn is rich in bioflavonoids, which relax and dilate the arteries. These compounds are antioxidants that help increase the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart. Bioflavonoids also give strength to blood vessel walls and help improve blood flow to other areas of the body. Other components of hawthorn are heart healthy and have been shown to lower cholesterol and the amount of plaque in arteries. In normalizing heart action, hawthorn helps prevent irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias, which can lead to heart attacks, while increasing the body's tolerance for physical exertion and strengthening heart contractions.
Hawthorn is also a diuretic. It helps rid the body of excess salt and water and aids in weight loss. It has also been used in the treatment of digestive problems, nervous tension, depression, insomnia and sore throats. When combined with ginkgo biloba, it can work to increase memory power by improving circulation to the head and increasing the amount of oxygen in the brain. Hawthorn is widely used in conjunction with other drugs to aid in cardiac problems such as palpitations, angina and tachycardia, rapid heart beat.
The recommended dosage of hawthorn varies depending on its form: tea-- 1-3 cups daily; 1 oz. of berries to one pint of water, 10 to 15 drops of fluid extract; tincture--one teaspoon in the morning and one before bed. Hawthorn is best-used long term as the active constituents do not produce rapid results. Hawthorn has no known toxic side effects.
- A study in Cologne, Germany demonstrated that hawthorn extract can improve heart function in patients with chronic heart disease. These patients also had fewer overall symptoms, felt less fatigue and had reduced shortness of breath. 1
- Research in the British Medical Journal showed that hawthorn berries reduce high blood pressure caused by the hardening of arteries and kidney disease.2
| References 1 Schmidt, U. et al.
"Efficacy of the Hawthorn (Crataegus) Preparation LI 132 in 78 Patients with Chronic
Congestive Heart Failure Defined as NYHA Functional Class II." Phytomedicine.
1:17-24, (1994). |
Garlic
Garlic has a vast number of significant health benefits and has been touted by the health community for its cardiovascular and anticancer benefits.
The origin of garlic use is questionable, but medicinal use dates back to Ancient Egypt when slaves consumed it while building the pyramids. Since then, it has been used for a litany of ailments. A member of the Liliaceae family, garlic is a relative of the onion and consists of an underground bulb that is divided into several bulbets, or cloves and long, narrow leaves.
The sulfur-containing compounds are the most active in garlic and are primarily responsible for its potency and for use in treating high blood pressure, lowering cholesterol, helping prevent certain cancers and as an immune stimulant. The compounds work by stimulating the release of bile by the gall bladder and by decreasing the production of cholesterol in the liver. Garlic also detoxifies the body, purifies the blood, strengthens blood vessels and supports all body functions. Additionally, it contains several other compounds that are helpful in promoting good health including selenium, germanium, calcium and vitamins A, B1, B2 and C.
The two main compounds in garlic are an odorless chemical called alliin and the enzyme allinase, which forms allicin, the agent that causes garlic's strong smell. The way allicin is formed is debatable. The debate continues over efficacy of allicin. Some believe that it can cause oxidative damage to cells and tissue and is unnecessary; while others believe that allicin is the most beneficial component of garlic, providing anticancer and antimicrobial effects. Some believe that raw and fresh is the best way to reap the benefits of garlic, while others claim that "damaged," sliced, cooked or chewed, garlic is the better way to go. Raw or lightly cooked garlic contains an array of sulfur compounds, which are responsible for many of garlic's healing properties, though these same properties are responsible for garlic's potent aroma. Dried garlic is a more aromatically pleasing alternative and is enterically coated and has the important allicin in a stable form.
Garlic can be used internally or externally. Typical daily dosage for internal use is 1 to 2 tsp. of garlic oil, 1/4 to 1.2 tsp. of powdered garlic and one or two cloves of raw garlic. Externally, garlic oil can be rubbed into the skin and powder can be dusted on. Garlic doesn't appear to be toxic, though too much can cause stomach irritation, nausea and insomnia. Prolonged exposure of the skin to raw garlic can cause irritation or even burns. It is not recommended for long-term use or in large doses in people with diabetes, acute inflammation, dehydration or insomnia, as well as those taking blood thinners.1
| References 1 Haas, E. Staying Healthy with Nutrition: The Complete Guide to Diet and Nutritional Medicine. Berkeley:Celestial Arts, 1992. |
Black Cohosh
Native to Eastern North America, Black Cohosh Cimicifuga racemosa, was traditionally used by the natives of Canada and America for a variety of ailments including pain relief during childbirth and menstruation, rheumatism, malaria and as a snake bite antidote. Modern medicine has continued these traditions focusing research predominately on the herb's ability to ease menstrual pain, premenstrual stress and most extensively on menopausal symptoms.
A member of the buttercup family, Black Cohosh is a wild flower indigenous to the richly soiled, hardwood forests that run from Maine to Ontario and Wisconsin and south to Georgia. Also known as squaw root, rattle root or rattle weed, this perennial produces bundles of quadrangular stems, three lobed leaflets, and a petalless flower that blooms from June through September. The herb's medicinal traits lie in its knotty black rhizome and dried root, which are harvested in the fall.
When Black Cohosh was first discovered for its medicinal value, the Cherokee and Iroquois Indians would boil the root, turning it into drinkable syrup for use in healing ailments. Today, it can be purchased over the counter as a tincture, syrup, capsules or fluid extract, as well as its natural form of dried root and rhizome. Usually taken in dosages between 40 and 80 mg when in capsule form and one-half to one tsp. in liquid extract, the treatments are used twice daily for relief of symptoms due to menopause and menstrual cramps.1
These dosages and forms have been studied most extensively by scientist searching for healthier alternatives to estrogen treatment of menopausal symptoms. Estrogen, when given in high levels, can induce forms of breast cancer, high blood pressure, abnormal vaginal bleeding and weight gain. Thus far, pending long term studies of black cohosh, there are minimal to no side effects or drug interactions. Black cohosh has even been known to reduce high blood pressure in menopausal females.
The main active constituents of black cohosh are triterpene glycosides, (specifically including actein and cimicifugoside), and the isoflavone formononetin. A clinical study published in Apotheker J showed that actein reduced production of the luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland but did not decrease the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).2 It is known that there is the possibility of overdose with black cohosh. Also, because of its cervical relaxing properties and hormonal constituents, pregnant and lactating women should avoid the herb.
| References: 1 Hudson, T. Women's
Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine: Alternative Therapies and Integrative Medicine. Los
Angeles: Keats Publishing, 1999. |
Dong Quai
It has been said that Dong Quai (Angelica sinensis), second only to ginseng, is the most valued and respected herb in China. The most predominant studies for use today target the treatment of gynecological disorders such as PMS, abnormal or absent menstruation, and menopausal symptoms. Its traditional role in China and eastern countries has been relieving everything from pain after child birth to easement of hot flashes and headaches due to menopause. Men have been drawn to its antispasmodic and blood circulating properties.
Sometimes used as a blood purifier, dong quai helps support circulation by dilating peripheral blood vessels, therefore increasing blood flow. It is also said to nourish the blood as well, bringing good health to the circulatory system and the organs. In addition, dong quai can be used as a mild laxative and aids the liver in utilization of oxygen when affected with hepatitis or cirrhosis.1 Dong quai also contains nutrients such as vitamins E, A and B12 and serves as an excellent herbal source of iron, magnesium and niacin. Its iron content aids in the prevention of iron deficiency, which can cause fatigue in some, and helps in treatment of anemia. There have also been studies that claim the herb can regulate blood sugar and lower blood pressure.2
The active constituents in dong quai include ligustilide, butylene phthalide and butyl phthalide, which are found in the herb's celery-like fragrant oil. Various polysaccharides and ferulic acid are found in the non-aromatic portions of the plant. Ferulic acid and polysaccharides have been researched as elements that can prevent muscle spasms, reduce blood clotting and relax blood vessels.3 Research has also indicated that there are at least six coumarin derivatives, all of which have been isolated and found to produce antispasmodic and vasoldilatory properties.4 Constituents of Dong quai have been said to yield estrogen balancing properties in menopausal women and increase fertility.
Currently, it is made into tea or liquid extract as traditionally done, but it is also made into capsules.
There are no side effects or drug interactions associated with dong quai. However, medical researchers advise that pregnant and lactating women and people taking any blood thinning agents should not use this herb.
| References: 1 Raintree Clinical Abstracts.
"Dong Quai." 1996-1999. |